Organ donor screening for carbapenem‐resistant gram‐negative bacteria in Italian intensive care units: the DRIn study

The 759 cases of brain death declaration (BDD [Italian law, 6 hours of observation time]) that occurred in 190 Italian intensive care units (ICUs) between May and September 2012 were studied to quantify carbapenem‐resistant gram‐negative bacteria (CR‐GN) isolated in organ donors, to evaluate adherence to national screening guidelines, and to identify risk factors for CR‐GN isolation. Mandatory blood, bronchoalveolar lavage, and urine cultures were performed on the BDD day in 99% of used donors. Because results were rarely made available before transplant, >20% of transplants were performed before obtaining any microbiological information, and organs from 15 of 22 CR‐GN cases were used. Two (lung–liver) of the 37 recipients died, likely because of donor‐derived early CR‐GN sepsis. ICU stay >3 days (odds ratio [OR] = 7.49, P = .004), fever (OR = 3.11, P = .04), age <60 years (OR = 2.80, P = .06), and positive ICU epidemiology (OR = 8.77, P = .07) were associated with CR‐GN isolation. An association between single ICU and risk of CR‐GN was observed, as a result of differences across ICUs (ICC = 29%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.5%‐72%) probably related to inadequate practices of infection control. Continuous education aimed at implementing priority actions, including stewardship programs for a rational use of antimicrobials, is a priority in healthcare systems and transplant networks. Improved awareness among ICU personnel regarding the importance of early CR‐GN detection and timely alert systems might facilitate decisions regarding organ suitability and eventually save recipient lives.     

Combined lung and liver procurement in controlled donation after circulatory death using normothermic abdominal perfusion. Initial experience in two Spanish centers

Combining simultaneously lung and liver procurement in controlled donation after circulatory death (cDCD) using normothermic abdominal perfusion (NRP) for abdominal grafts and cooling and rapid recovery technique (RR) for the lungs increases the complexity of the procurement procedure and might injure the grafts. A total of 19 cDCDs from two centers using this combined procedure were evaluated, and 16 liver and 21 lung transplantations were performed. As controls, 34 donors after brain death (DBDs) were included (29 liver and 41 lung transplantations were performed). Two cDCD liver recipients developed primary nonfunction (12.5%). No cases of ischemic cholangiopathy were observed among cDCD recipients. The 1‐year and 2‐year liver recipients survival was 87.5% and 87.5% for the cDCD group, and 96% and 84.5% for the DBD group, respectively (P = .496). The 1‐year and 2‐year lung recipients survival was 84% and 84% for the cDCD group and 90% and 90% for the DBD group, respectively (P = .577). This is the largest experience ever reported in cDCD with the use of NRP combined with RR of the lungs. This combined method offers an outstanding recovery rate and liver and lung recipients survival comparable with those transplanted with DBDs. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings.     

Utilization of deceased donors during a pandemic: argument against using SARS‐CoV‐2–positive donors

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has rapidly become an unprecedented pandemic that has impacted society, disrupted hospital functions, strained health care resources, and impacted the lives of transplant professionals. Despite this, organ failure and the need for transplant continues throughout the United States. Considering the perpetual scarcity of deceased donor organs, Kates et al present a viewpoint that advocates for the utilization of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19)–positive donors in selected cases. We present a review of the current literature that details the potential negative consequences of COVID‐19–positive donors. The factors we consider include (1) the risk of blood transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2, (2) involvement of donor organs, (3) lack of effective therapies, (4) exposure of health care and recovery teams, (5) disease transmission and propagation, and (6) hospital resource utilization. While we acknowledge that transplant fulfills the mission of saving lives, it is imperative to consider the consequences not only to our recipients but also to the community and to health care workers, particularly in the absence of effective preventative or curative therapies. For these reasons, we believe the evidence and risks show that COVID‐19 infection should continue to remain a contraindication for donation, as has been the initial response of donation and transplant societies.     

Estimating the potential pool of uncontrolled DCD donors in the United States

Organs from uncontrolled DCD donors (uDCDs) have expanded donation in Europe since the 1980s, but are seldom used in the United States. Cited barriers include lack of knowledge about the potential donor pool, lack of robust outcomes data, lack of standard donor eligibility criteria and preservation methods, and logistical and ethical challenges. To determine whether it would be appropriate to invest in addressing these barriers and building this practice, we sought to enumerate the potential pool of uDCD donors. Using data from the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, the largest all‐payer emergency department (ED) database, between 2013 and 2016, we identified patients who had refractory cardiac arrest in the ED. We excluded patients with contraindications to both deceased donation (including infection, malignancy, cardiopulmonary disease) and uDCD (including hemorrhage, major polytrauma, burns, and poisoning). We identified 9828 (range: 9454‐10 202) potential uDCDs/y; average age was 32 years, and all were free of major comorbidity. Of these, 91.1% had traumatic deaths, with major causes including nonhead blunt injuries (43.2%) and head injuries (40.1%). In the current era, uDCD donors represent a significant potential source of unused organs. Efforts to address barriers to uDCD in the United States should be encouraged.     

COVID‐19 in Spain: Transplantation in the midst of the pandemic

Spain has been one of the most affected countries by the COVID‐19 outbreak. As of April 28, 2020, the number of confirmed cases is 210 773, including 102 548 patients recovered, more than 10 300 admitted to the ICU, and 23 822 deaths, with a global case fatality rate of 11.3%. From the perspective of donation and transplantation, the Spanish system first focused on safety issues, providing recommendations for donor evaluation and testing, and to rule out SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in potential recipients prior to transplantation. Since the country entered into an epidemiological scenario of sustained community transmission and saturation of intensive care, developing donation and transplantation procedures has become highly complex. Since the national state of alarm was declared in Spain on March 13, 2020, the mean number of donors has declined from 7.2 to 1.2 per day, and the mean number of transplants from 16.1 to 2.1 per day. Increased mortality on the waiting list may become a collateral damage of this terrible pandemic.     

胶片-报告按需自助打印在放射科的应用

目的：分析胶片-报告按需自助打印技术对放射科取报告过程的流程优化价值。方法：针对放置在放射科入口处的四台自助打印机,观察患者使用及排队情况、胶片匹配识别情况和废弃胶片积压情况,记录机器故障情况。结果：经过一年的使用,每天约有80%患者愿意尝试通过自助打印机取检查结果,其中多数患者使用顺利,并表示愿意下次继续使用。少数情况下,由于患者行动不便、网络故障、耗材不足等因素,造成患者自助取结果失败。结论：胶片-报告自助打印技术在放射科存在许多应用价值,值得推广。同时需重视对设备的定期养护。     

消毒供应中心实行集中管理及全程质控的实践与效果

目的探讨消毒供应中心(CSSD)实行集中管理及全程质控的效果。方法医院加强CSSD的硬件建设,培养员工的整体素质,对手术室、全院多个专科的手术器械及消毒物品通过及时回收、清洗、消毒、包装、灭菌、储存发放,加强对外来器械的管理,严格执行各项操作流程;并成立质控小组,开展全程质控工作。结果实行集中管理一年后的各项工作质量指标与实行集中管理前比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 CSSD只有实行集中管理及全程质控,才能为临床提供合格的无菌物品,保证医疗及护理质量。     

我国药品GPO发展现状及策略分析

介绍上海、深圳及其他地区药品集团采购（GPO）的发展现状,并将深圳与上海GPO模式进行对比,分析GPO发展及拓展过程中面临与现有政策和政策引导中的困扰和挑战,提出明确GPO在新形势下发展的定位、制定GPO本土化发展的游戏规则、建立规范GPO发展的监管体系等相关政策建议。     

2011-2013年台山市集中式供水水质监测结果分析

目的 了解台山市集中式供水水质变化情况,为政府制定管水政策提供依据.方法 对2011-2013年台山市辖区所有集中式供水单位水质监测数据进行统计处理,采用描述流行病学的方法分析.结果 共检测集中式供水水样763份,合格水样547份,合格率为71.69％(547/763).末梢水的合格率均高于出厂水,其差异有统计学意义(x2=5.07、5.67、4.70、14.22,P＜0.05).丰水期合格率为70.82％(250/353),枯水期合格率为70.98％(291/410),其差异无统计学意义(x2=0.002,P＞0.05).市政集中式供水合格率为95.83％(345/360),乡镇集中式供水合格率为50.12％(202/403),其差异有统计学意义(x2=195.75,P＜0.05).结论 台山市集中式供水水质合格率较低,存在饮水安全隐患,建议监管部门建立健全生活饮用水长效监管机制,督促供水单位,特别是乡镇集中式供水单位改善制水设施.